Mr. Wepekhro Wetsah and Ms. Zunyiteu Mero

This paper delves into the rich tapestry of indigenous religious beliefs and practices among the Kuzhami Chakhesang Naga people of Northeast India, through an interdisciplinary approach combing ethnographic research, historical analysis, and religious studies. This study seeks to illuminate the intricate symbiosis between the Kuzhami Chakhesang Naga culture and their spiritual world view. The paper investigates the core tenets of their belief system, including animistic elements, ancestor veneration, and the significance of natural phenomena in their cosmology. Furthermore, it explores the rituals, ceremonies, and communal practices that constitute the religious fabric of the Kuzhami Chakhesang Naga society, highlighting their role in maintaining social cohesion and cultural identity. Knowledge of a particular culture is also obtained through religion. By shedding light on the spiritual landscape of this indigenous community, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the diversity and resilience of indigenous religious traditions in the contemporary world.  

Mrs.M.M Bagwan,Dr. Tiwari B.D, Ms.Safana Shaikh, Ms. Tasneem Shaikh, Ms. Rutuja Sutar, Ms.Uttara Sutar

Polyherbal anti-dandruff shampoos are formulated using a blend of various herbs and natural ingredients to effectively treat dandruff and promote healthy hair. The Malassezia furfur fungus is a common cause of dandruff, which can be managed but not fully eliminated. These shampoos aim to clean the scalp, remove dandruff, and provide conditioning benefits without the use of harsh synthetic chemicals.Key herbs used in polyherbal anti-dandruff shampoos include curry leaves, fanugreek, flaxseed , rice water, brahmi, reetha, and aloe vera etc These herbs possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and hair growth promoting properties. The formulations are evaluated for various parameters such as pH, viscosity, dirt dispersion, foaming ability, foam stability, and antimicrobial activity against dandruff-causing fungi.Polyherbal anti-dandruff shampoos provide a natural, safe, and effective alternative to conventional shampoos. They cater to the growing demand for holistic hair care solutions that prioritize the use of plant-based ingredients over synthetic chemicals. These shampoos offer a comprehensive approach to treat dandruff while nourishing and conditioning the hair and scalp.  

Shruthi M N1, Dr.N S Narahari2, Sadath Ahmed3, Mohammed Siraj4, Rohan Pillai5

The spread of e-waste has become a major global problem, the main cause of which is obsolete mobile phones. This review examines the factors influencing consumer behaviour towards recycling and purchasing refurbished mobile phones, especially in developing countries such as India, where mobile phone penetration is expected to increase to 92.6% by 2030. Despite the environmental damage caused by improper disposal of mobile phones. mobile phones containing toxic substances such as lead and cadmium have significant recycling potential due to valuable materials such as gold, silver and copper. This study uses the Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (ETPB) and examines how attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, environmental concerns, and past behaviour shape consumers' intentions to purchase refurbished cell phones. Data collection using standardized questionnaires and rigorous statistical analysis, including structural equation modelling (SEM), provides insight into the factors influencing consumer behaviour in the industry. The results emphasize the importance of promoting sustainable consumption practices and effective e-waste management strategies to reduce environmental impact and reap the economic benefits of mobile phone recycling.  

Mr. Sandipan Pan

Abstract Urbanization means the growth of the number and size of the towns and the spreading of quality of life in towns. Naturally the growth and development is infrastructural development etc.). Primary target is to demonstrate the connection between urbanization and rural development. Urbanization is closely connected to regional development. There is no only one viable (universal) regional development trend. Sustainable development is one of the most important types of them. Lots of sign shows that certain parts of urbanization process could not be part of sustainable Development. Success of sustainable development in urbanization process depends on the relationship between towns and their rural territory different in several parts of the world. on the other hand the urbanization is not only effect to towns. It has also an effect on rural region. Several attendant Phenomenon belong to the urbanization (economic development, rural development.

Oluwatoyin Olagunju1, Salim Hassan2, Mohd Yusoff Abd Samad3, and Ramle Kasin4

Abstract : This study examines the relationship between human resource development skills (leadership skill, decision making support skill and social skill) with work performance of extension agents’ among cocoa farmers in Malaysia. The study used stratified sampling technique to select 668 cocoa farmers who are exposed to extension programmes facilitated by the extension agents’ of Malaysian Cocoa Board in the three regions of Malaysia. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. Significant and positive correlation (p<0.01) existed between each variables and work performance. Regression analysis results showed that leadership skill, decision making support skill and social skill were significant predictors to enhance work performance. The R2 value of 0.564 indicates that the three skills give 56.4% explanation of the variance in extension agents’ work performance. The result also suggested that decision making support skill (β=0.321) was the most important factor that influence work performance followed by leadership skill and social skill. Hence, decision making support skill, leadership skill and social skill should be taken into consideration in enhancing work performance, especially among farmers and the extension agents who work with them for a continuous performance improvement in their work. In general, there is an information gap between farmers, public extension agents, and academia that needs to be bridged through operational HRD efforts and holistic approaches, so it is recommended that training programmes be conducted in extension agents’ line of work to improve their skills in sharing new technology.

Bandita Deka

Abstract The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines health as a ‘state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. Thus, along with physical and mental aspects, another dimension of social well-being is being attached that cannot be ignored. In that context, an important consideration in the provisioning of healthcare is the distribution aspect and how just this distribution is regardless of any socio-economic consideration. The challenge in contemporary healthcare prospect is the structuring of such a framework regarding distribution of healthcare service through which distributive justice is achieved for all citizens. Healthcare having a public good character, it cannot be provided by the private sector on a market-oriented basis at the welfare maximisation level as it will deprive those who are unable to make payments; it makes the case for government provisioning of the service based on equality and just distribution. But the healthcare landscape of the country reveals a picture of undersupply of the service along with continuous withdrawal thereby making provisions for private sector to occupy the space. This has raised a serious question on the equality aspect where everyone should get healthcare service at the time of need. This paper makes an attempt to study how the poor and the disadvantaged sections of the society becomes more and more vulnerable due to inaccessibility to healthcare services in the phase of growing privatisation leading to commercialisation of the service.

Dr Ajay Kumar

Abstract Trade in textiles and clothing plays a pivotal role in the SAARC regional trade and is a major source of foreign exchange and promoting the growth of industrial sector in the SAARC member nations. The textile and clothing sector features among the top revenue generating sector in the South Asian countries and represents a large proportion of the overall output of the member countries. Textile and clothing sector in SAARC is one of the largest contributing sectors of their exports, employment, industrial production and GDP growth but still contributing lowest in the intraregional trade. Thus, it becomes important to examine the performance of textile and clothing sector in SAARC region. For this we have studied determinants of India’s exports and imports in textile and clothing with SAARC members, with the help of Gravity Model. Factors like distance between the capital of two countries, size of the two economies, per capita incomes and whether or not they share a border have been included as independent variables to see their impact on trade of India with neighboring countries. Model shows that Indo-Pakistan trade has huge potential due to the capitals of two countries being closest in SAARC region. Study also concludes that SAARC countries need to improve the quality of their textile and clothing product.

Sophy Alexander

Abstract Performance appraisal  plays a vital and important role in any given organization in the modern day. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between performance appraisal and its effect on turnover intension among the employee in IT industry. Employees turnover intention may be contingent upon an organizations human resource practices. The effectiveness of a performance appraisal practice that may substantially contribute to the employees turnover intention. Performance Appraisal satisfaction and employee outcomes, helps in exploring the perception of employee towards Performance Appraisal and this perception will have a heavy impact and influence on the employee outcomes, The primary data is collected from 50 participants.  The questionnaire survey method is used to collect the primary data. Hypothesis testing is used to measure the applicability of performance appraisal. From the analysis, it is found that turnover intention reduces with good system of performance.

Dr. Sayyed Abdul Gani Ansar Ali

The Indian constitution resolves to provide quality education to all citizens irrespective of discrepancies. In the effort to fulfil educational needs of the country, specifically for the diverse societies and cultures of the country the government has chalked out different educational categories namely, elementary education, secondary education, higher education, adult education, technical and vocational education. Higher education has spread in multidimensional wings like technical, general, professional education etc. Especially, in the liberalized era, privatization and internationalization of technical education has caused to heavy competition among private engineering and technical research institutions over the world including India. The purpose of the study is to locate sources of manpower to meet the job specifications. It is very important functions of the human resource manager because unless the right type of people is hired even best plans of the organization go in vein. The basic purpose of campus placement is to provide jobs to the students pursuing their final year course. It helps to identify whether aspiration of the students match with the employer or not. Campus recruitment is considered to be a significant factor for both the educational institutions and corporate. The primary objective of the present study is to focus on engineering students’ perception towards placements, education institutions quality deliverance of education and infrastructural facilities, and views of recruiters towards students’ potential. In addition, the other objectives of the study are to identify the methods and techniques followed in campus recruitment, to analyse the factors effect on campus drive, to find the competency level of the students, to know the standards and employability skills of students matches job specification or not, to study the efforts being taken by college management in conducting campus drive, to know the procedure adopted by the company for campus drive, to study the role played by hr departments of various companies in conducting campus drive and providing employability to the students. In this purpose, the population for the study consists of students of various Engineering colleges located in Visakhapatnam, East and West Godavari Districts in Coastal Andhra Pradesh.

Dr. Yuvaraja U Madhushree. S

Education is one of the merits goods. This is believed that consumption of Merit good is often generated positive externality where the social benefits of the consumption exceed the private benefit. Internationalization of education is an old concept but it has taken the accelerator after the 1991 reforms in India. After India signed the GATS in 1996, restrictions unlocked in India for privateers to enlarge the higher education opportunities and created wider scope for foreign students to learn in India. Acceptance of LPG has also devastated the traditional means and modes of education in that place established advanced education system. Today International of education has taken the wider scope; it includes partnership, linkages through MoU, research initiatives along with the academic mobility of students and teachers. In these days learners and teachers are more intensively migrating internally and externally for education purpose. Increasing enrolment of foreign students in Indian education institutions is the good sign. As per the AISHE2017-18 report, there were about 46,144 foreign students from 166 (out of 206 countries) countries across the world enrolled in Indian higher education institutions. Major proportion of such students came from adjoining countries like Nepal, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Karnataka is the hub for foreign students, this is proved from the data that of the total foreign students’ enrolment in India high of about 26.10 (12041 students) has taken the admition in Karnataka’s higher education institutions. The present study has intended to make growth trend analysis of foreign students in Karnataka in particular and country as a whole. The issues relating to the gender wise programme wise and state wise comparison of the enrolment of the foreign students has also carried out. This study is purely based on secondary data for its analysis. Secondary data was collected from books, journals, periodicals, and reports of the authorized departments. Various years AISHE reports, published by the MHRD, were extensively used under the study.  

1Aiswarya Sivadas,2Akhil Padmakumar,3Parvathy S Deepu

Abstract: This study is conducted tofind out the effect of academic stress on the mental health of undergraduate students in this emerging situation of COVID 19. The problem that motivates for the study is because of the pandemic which caused a major change in student’s life like Stress,which may lead to Depression. In this study we used online survey for data collection and used Percentage analysis and regression analysis for the data analysis. This study proves that academic stress has an effect on student’s mental health during covid 19.

Dr. Rubina Shahnaz

Abstract: Education refers to a process of awareness building and sensitization, which can be geared to the education, school children to college and university students or to different occupational groups. So, environmental education takes care of the relationship of man with his fellow human beings in addition to man-nature relationship. In order to accomplish the goal, environmental education should develop certain standards, which prompt people, without fear of the law, to protect the environment. In our country the environmental problems seems to be a great challenge before the humanity. The investigators felt that many children are aware of the problems but are reluctant in doing something for the cause of environment. Most of them are hesitant in taking actions towards environmental protection. In the present study the main objective of the investigation is find out the difference of Environmental behavior of secondary school children towards their immediate Environment in reference to gender and types of schools..

Li Jia, Gou Xin

Abstract In the new curriculum standards formulated by the state, the basic concept is clearly stated: "Promote national music and understand the cultural diversity of music". It shows that excellent traditional music has become a major part of classroom teaching, and the school's development of national instrumental music teaching has become an increasingly critical step to promote the comprehensive development of primary and secondary school students. Guzheng is China's unique ethnic plucked string instrument. It has a wide range of sounds, has a large number of playing techniques, and is highly expressive. Today, the shape of Guzheng is endless. For example, mini-Zheng and Half-Zheng can be fully used in the classroom, so it has certain teaching advantages. It seems necessary to introduce the teaching of guzheng in the quality education of elementary and middle schools. This article adopts the research method of interview method and questionnaire survey method to conduct a field survey on the current situation of music teaching in Jincheng Experimental Primary School. The main focus is on the analysis of the application of folk instrumental music in the classroom. The use of guzheng teaching as a supplementary method is very in line with the basic idea of the new curriculum standard. According to the school's teaching practice, it putsforward feasibility suggestions, so that students can enhance their national self-confidence and pride, lay the foundation for music, and improve their music literacy.

Dr. S. Rahini

The study is about marketing of one self through selfie in various occasions and modes by youth. The study is trying to analyze various reasons and factors responsible for the selfies among college students the samples are taken from the Facebook  Id’s  merely 156 respondents selfie’s were analyzed under various situation from October  to November among the friend list. The result shows that the selfie mania is more dangerous now a days, this leads to cyber-crime any how some respondents are self-motivated for publishing their selfie  which improved their confidence,leadership skills etc.

Dr.Kasa Sudarsan1, Mr.Kathari Santosh2

Abstract : The aim of this paper is to examine the present scenario of NPAs of Scheduled Commercial Banks in India; and to determine the relationship between Gross Advances and Gross NPAs of Public Sector Banks, Private Sector Banks and Foreign Banks in India during 1996-97 to 2017-18. The present study depends on the secondary data and it is processed through SPSS 20.0 to get the results. Based on the results it is concluded that only the Foreign Banks are controlling the NPAs. So, if the Public and Private Sector Banks follow the rules and regulations of the RBI at the time of lending loans and collection of installments from the enterprises or corporate, they will become financially healthy. Furthermore the bank officials should not be involves in corruption or surrender for politicians and / or industrialists at the time of lending loans and / or collection of installments. If the banks follow the above suggestions it will strengthen the Indian economy.

Ezenekwe,E .1; Ekegbalu, E1.; Ezemba, A.S2;Osuala, O.J1; Ezemba, C.C1

Abstract : The vinegar produced from locally grown pineapple and pawpaw (with and without their peels) were evaluated to determine their antimicrobial properties on some clinical isolates. Agar well diffusion method was used for this analysis. The zones of inhibitions were measured in millimeters.  The results of the antimicrobial analysis showed that the vinegar exhibit antimicrobial activities on the clinical isolates.On Escherichia colithere was  8 ± 1.5mm diameters for the aqueous extract of the pineapple juice vinegar and 11 ± 0.44mm for the methanol extract of the pineapple peel vinegar, 10 ±1.23mm and 12 ±0.19 for the aqueous and methanol extract of  pawpaw juice vinegar and 6 ±0.36mm and 7 ±0.77mm for the aqueous and methanol extract of  pawpaw peel vinegar respectively. On Staphylococcus aureus, there was 9 ± 0.50mm and 10 ±1.00mm for the aqueous and methanol extract of the pineapple juice vinegar respectively while the pineapple peel vinegar extract showed 10 ± 1.50mm and 7 ±0.50mm for the aqueous and methanol extract, 7 ±0.29mm and 8 ±0.77 for aqueous and the methanol extract of the pawpaw juice vinegar, 10±0.55mm and 7 ±0.86mm for aqueous and methanol extract of pawpaw peel vinegar. On Bacillus sp there was  9 ± 0.99mm diameter for the aqueous extract of the pineapple juice vinegar and 8 ±1.30mm for the methanol extract,  9 ±0.98mm  and 7 ± 0.99mm for the aqueous and  the methanol extract of the pineapple peel vinegar, 9 ±0.55mm aqueousextract of  pawpaw juice vinegar and 13±0.76mm for aqueous extract of pineapple peel vinegar. On Candida albicans there 8 ± 0.12mm diameter for the aqueous extract of the pineapple juice vinegar and 9 ± 0.99mm for the methanol extract10 ±1.00mm   and 7 ± 0.76mm for the aqueous and the methanol extract of the pineapple peel vinegar, 8 ±0.65mm and 7 ±0.9mm for aqueous and methanol extract of pawpaw juice vinegar and 9±1.22mm and 10 ±0.22mm for aqueous and methanol extract of pineapple peel vinegar. This shows that the produced vinegars exhibited antimicrobial characteristics and their use should be encouraged .

Etim, Victoria Enefiok

The study on the word formation deficits in children with specific language impairment (SLI) was aimed at identifying children with specific language impairment who are affected in the process of word formation. It is very common to have children with specific language impairment being confronted with the challenge of word formation. This study therefore, sets out to investigate the deficits in simple past inflections and plural morphemes as they are manifested in children with specific language impairment (CWSLI) in Hillcrest Junior Special Schoo, Calabar, Cross River Sate, Nigeria. It also sought to examine the severity of the disorders in order to provide data as the first step towards a critical intervention. The study involved 20 CWSLI between the ages of 5 and 17 years from Hillcrest Junior special school in Calabar. 10 boys and 10 girls. Validated Word Structure (WS) assessment comprising 10 pictures and 10 sentences completion tasks as well as reliability test re-test of mean length of utterance (MLU) were used to collect data for the study. The children were made to repeat the story contained in a passage of 100 utterances which were recorded and eventually transcribed for analysis using Systematic Analysis of Language Transcript (SALT) Software. The theory of word-based model was adopted for the descriptive analysis. From the findings, the study confirmed that there is alarming deficits of word formation in CWSLI within the study area. It was revealed that between 65% and 70% of errors were found in the utterances of each of the 20 subjects examined. It also revealed that the value of mean length of utterance in all the subjects was below 5.0. It was therefore recommended that parents, teachers and caregivers should pay attention to the language development of their wards so as to observe any deviation during the development. Also, recommended that a state/nation-wide survey should be carried out to have national statistics of CWSLI with word formation deficits and develop intervention strategies for effective therapy to remediate the disorder.

Dr. Shweta Tiwari

The point of departure for this study is the understanding of customer relationship management (CRM) as a set of technological solutions key for efficient business management, the benefits of which, highlighted by previous works, are presented and defined here as crucial for entrepreneurial success. Of particular interest for this purpose are the existing studies on sustainability, which provide a viable research model to assess and validate the potential effect of each CRM component (sales, marketing, and services) on the three dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social). Upon confirmation of our hypotheses, the subsequent validation of such model should bring a better understanding of the way in which CRM-related benefits may increase the positive impact of its components on each dimension of sustainability. CRM can hence be considered a sort of Green IT, oriented toward digital transformation and sustainable business model innovation. Indeed, this research model may be the basis for a more specific methodology to measure the impact and benefits of applying CRM, understood, as we will contend, both in terms of sustainable business models and innovation.

*Raghuveera Hathibelagal Goruva1, Anjaneyulu Vinukonda2, Neelesh Chaubey3, Harish Pandey 4

Abstract4: Carfilzomib is a peptide epoxy ketone derivative, chemically; it is a tetra peptide epoxy ketone and an analog of epoxomicin. Carfilzomib is commercially available Carfilzomib for Injection, which is a lyophilized formulation available as 30 mg / vial and 60 mg / vial a sterile, white to off - white lyophilized powder and is available as a single - use vial. The current investigation was designed to alternative stable liposomal formulations.The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that it is possible to prepare a stable lipid Nano composition of Carfilzomib. Liposomal formulations are less toxic than drugs alone and have better pharmacological parameters. Although they seem to be the first choice for drug delivery systems for various diseases.The usage of natural products in pharmaceuticals has steadily seen improvements over the last decade, and this study focuses on the utilization of palm oil in formulating liposomal Carfilzomib. The liposomal form of Carfilzomib generally minimizes toxicity and enhances target delivery actions. Taking into account the antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of palm oil, the aim of this study is to design and characterize a new liposomal Carfilzomib by replacing phosphatidylcholine with 5% and 10% palm oil content. Liposomes were formed using the freeze thaw method, and Carfilzomib was loaded through pH gradient technique and characterized through in vitro and ex vivo terms. Based on TEM images, large lamellar vesicles (LUV) were formed, with sizes of 438 and 453 nm, having polydispersity index of 0.21 ± 0.8 and 0.22 ± 1.3 and zeta potentials of about −31 and −32 mV, respectively. In both formulations, the entrapment efficiency was about 99%, and whole Carfilzomib was released through 96 hours in PBS (pH = 7.4) at 37°C. Comparing cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of LUV with on MCF7 and MDA-MBA 231 breast cancer cell lines indicated suitable uptake and lower IC50 of the prepared liposomes4.

Madhushree Ghosh

Abstract: The study has been conducted to understand the criterias which the builders consider significant in framing the housing prices. This is also a pilot study which will help us to determine the factors influencing the housing prices at a large scale.Real estate sector is a non-conventional yet vast market which connects different ancillary fields. Speaking about the major earnings from this sector which is considered as “Prices” of the properties, it is the builders who decide the final quotes. From the past few years it has been observed that all over India there is a deterioration in the housing prices. However, since the sector is well connected to so many other industries which in turn helps in the upliftment of employment criteria, an important question arises here- How do the builders/developers quote the final prices of the housing properties? Design/Methodology: In the current paper,we have interviewed 150 builders from different parts of Bangalore. As a part of statistical tools, we have used Descriptive analysis which includes the calculation of frequencies and percentages of builders who agree or disagree to different price related criterias. Findings: The results derived from the study show that builders view factors like legal documents, project amenities, property location, open spaces and eco-friendly facilities are major criteria for deciding the real estate housing prices.

Aina Olayinka Christopher

Abstract This research works which focuses on the “socio-economic impacts of event centers on the wellbeing of host community in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria” tends to discover benefits derived by host community from various event centers as well as its impact on the economy development as a whole. Data for the research work were obtained from the event management, host community as well as the clients/customers of the events centers. A survey design was used and data analyzed using inferential statistics of percentage and frequency in determining the significance of hypotheses formulated. The major findings of the study show that various events centers have impact on the socio-economic wellbeing of their host community. The study recommends that more events centers should be established within Ekiti-State and Nigeria as a whole to improve the socio-economic wellbeing of other environment, it also encourage government at all levels to establish events centre at various area of the state for other citizens to be able to have access to event centers. The study sees event centers as means of creating more employment opportunity for the society as it has become a global and national activity in the current century.

Siddharth Sharma

Abstract In recent years, information and communication technology has paved the way for accelerating the paradigm shift through providing more flexible ways of learning. The rapid growth in the use of learning technologies, particularly the use of the internet and web-based communication, has provided teachers many opportunities to explore the most suitable teaching and learning styles for a given task. The rapid and constant pace of change in technology has profound and far reaching implications on the teaching learning process. At this changing time, there is dire need of innovative ways of teaching and learning. Web Based Instructions promotes the adoption of progressive educational practices, a more holistic approach which focuses on individual student’s needs. The web allows students to assemble a set of rich resources easily. An important principle of teaching on web is to see whether a student has learnt the material and is successfully able to communicate to others.

Osimen, Goddy Uwa,* Anegbode, E. John,Ph.D**, Isaac Adi, Ph.D

Abstract The conflict-ridden West African sub-region is a showcase of uncontrolled SALW proliferation. Vast quantities of arms have flooded the region despite their rampant misuse by state and non-state actors alike. The widespread availability of small arms to abusive actors poses a threat of unprecedented magnitude to West Africa, far greater than that of HIV/AIDS or Covid-19 in terms of its socio-economic and human consequences. Because of this proliferation, the fabric of the sub-region itself is rapidly changing, moving toward self-destruction.It is on this backdrop the paper examined the role of ECOWAS and its Conventionin the Fight against SALW proliferation in the West Africa sub region. The paper revealed that, there are over one hundred million illicit  SALW in West Africa, which has continue to fuel countless armed conflict in the sub region despite the un-relented efforts of ECOWAS to eradicate the menace in the sub region. The paper furtherrevealed that ECOWAS Convention which seeks to combat the excessive and destabilizing accumulation of SALW within the sub region is nothing but a mirage as a resultof weak national controls and lack of international cooperation on arms control that have  led to the proliferation of these weapons on illicit markets.It was discovered that, the greatest barrier to resolving debates over gun policy in the sub region is the lack of comprehensive data and political will among the states. Hence, it concludes that, reducing SALW and the illicit transfer of weapons to combatants, criminals, and terrorists will require a fresh strategic approach with more defined objectives and greater commonality among the member states within the sub region. While the illicit proliferation of SALW presents one of the gravest security threats in modern times in the sub region, norms and frameworks, through ECOWAS such as theProgramme of Action to regulate and prohibit the transfer, manufacture and possession of small arms and light weapons among unauthorized persons/organization will be welcome development but, such measures must be promoted through transparency, cooperation and exchange of information among member states. 

Tadele Tesfaye Labiso

Abstract The overall objective of this study is to explorethe practice and challenges of villagization; in the selected woredas of the Assosa zone  BeninshangulGumuzregional state. To achieve goals of the survey study mixed research method was employed.Generally.the Sample size of 168 sample households were determined by using S = X2NP(1-P) ÷ d2 (N-1) + X2P (1-P), The research employed exploratory research design on the challenges and implementation of the program, and it applied mainly qualitative methods. On the basis and types of data gathered and the instrument used, both quantitative and qualitative techniques of data analysis or binary logistic regression supported by SPSS was employed.To calculate economic welfare lossI, used the change in price and the change in quantity demanded of goods and services. Welfare Loss = 0. 5 * (P2 - P1) * (Q1 - Q2).The only good thing about this life was farming since people had fertile lands. But, when villagization was implemented the lives of the villagers improved because they started to have better access to social services. The study showed that villagization was implemented voluntarily and based on the consent of the local people. However, it is possible to conclude that villagization has significantly improved the lives of the villagers by bringing positive changes that did not exist before. people.

Hem Chandra Kalita

Abstract :                          Wetlands constitute one of the most important ecosystem on the earth. They are valuable as sources, sinks and transformers of a multitude of Chemical, Biological and Genetic materials. They have been found to cleanse polluted water, prevent flood and recharge ground water aquifers. Furthermore wetlands play major role in the landscape by providing unique habitats for a wide variety of flora and fauna.The relationship between human history and wetlands is very old. Wetlands include swamps, bogs, marshes, fens and other wet, ecosystem found throughout the world under many names. They are found in every continent except Antarctica. They cover about 6 per cent of the global land surface.Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface of the land is covered by shallow water. In Assam there are 3513 wetlands covering area of 101231.60 hectare. Historically these wetlands have been acting as nodes of the natural drainage systems and provide a variety of resources to the people living around. But during recent period, human activities like expansion of settlements, modernization of agriculture, cattle rearing and certain constructional activities in the wetland fringes, excessive fishing and floral resource exploitation have contributed to their degradation. This has resulted in a large number of ecological and economic problems such as loss of bio-diversity, flood and siltation, water pollution, scarcity of animal feeds and poverty among the fishing communities. In this study therefore an attempt has been made to analysis the human induce changes in the wetland ecology of Assam taking Goalpara district as an example.

Ahmed Hassan Ali Murshed

Abstract Identity alludes to the distinct personality of a person consideredas a permanent entity, it involves our minds envisioning the manner in which the world and our social interactions are sorted out corresponding to other social groups, and along these lines, identity turns into an instrument for the quest for advantages. Simultaneously, the causal bolt between interests to identity could likewise run from identity to benefit" (Shree, 138). In his investigate of Orientalism, Edward Said established that a comprehension of identity can't be completely gotten a handle on by only examining lists or indexes. Rather, identity is best comprehended through the story. Pamuk's novels are described by a disarray or loss of identity welcomed on by the contention between Western and Eastern qualities. Pamuk's quest for identity is emphatically described by ideas of "East" and "West".  Significantly, these ideas are regularly inseparably connected to different pairs, for example, "secular/religious" and "conventional/modern" (Bhat, 56). In his books, Pamuk recommends understanding between apparently conflicting or contradicting cultural rationales. Every one of his books contains portrayals of social conflict, shaky identity, doubles, and duplicates trapped in a particular Ottoman or Turkish authentic historical context (Kunt, 502). This paper will endeavor to discuss the vacillation identity of Turkish people between the modern secular west and the backseat traditional east and it will outline how Orhan Pamuk utilizes the notion of identity in his wonderful novels, as well as it will explain the identity change in Turkey since the era of the Ottoman Empire up to time of the secular republic of Turkey, furthermore, it will highlight on some examples from Pamuk’s literary work to prove that kind of Identity change.

Heena Farheen*,Mahjabeen Naaz, Ayesha Naaz, Juzer Sabuwala, Dr. S P Srinivas Nayak

Abstract : Estrogen is traditionally involved in both female and male reproduction, besides various other biological systems involving the neuroendocrine, vascular, skeletal, and immune systems. Hair growth is affected by multiple factors that consist of transcription factors, cytokines and hormones. Androgenetic alopecia or male-pattern hair loss is a hereditarily determined progressive process that causes a gradual conversion of terminal hair into vellus hair. The most important factors involved in male baldness are characterized by androgens, genetic factors, and age. The 17β-estradiol inhibits, while the estrogen antagonist stimulates hair growth in both male and female. The alopecia results in a decrease in hair follicle size escorted by a decrease in the duration of anagen and an increase in the percentage of hair follicles in telogen with follicular miniaturization, which is the trademark of androgenetic alopecia. Estrogen inhibits hair growth, signifying that scalp hair growth might control the sex hormones. Among the various types of estrogen, the estradiol acts on hair follicle cycling by delaying the initiation of anagen and by prolongation of duration of telogen. Estradiol has found to modulate hair growth, playing primarily as hair growth inhibitor.

Anju Sharma, Dr. Sushma Sharma

Abstract In today’s world of technological advancement & Globalization, the idea of Blended Learning appeals to the educationists all over the globe. There is an increasing need and demand to respond to diverse student’s needs and provide engaging and meaningful learning experiences to the students. Blended Learning can also be applied to the integration of e-learning with a Learning Management System along with face-to-face instruction.  It should also be noted that when the learning material is simply presented to the learners, they are passive and less interested and as a result minimal learning takes place. In contrast, when the learners are active and motivated, when they are involved, engaged, participating and interacting with the learning material, the learning outcomes are much better.  Literature suggests that using blended learning approach can enhance students’ knowledge retention better than or at least comparable to traditional classroom teaching. After going through many studies regarded blended learning and in order t overcome the problems faced in traditional classroom teaching as mentioned above, the present study was conducted to find out the effect of Blended Learning on achievement in English of IX graders in relation to Self-efficacy. For the purpose of present investigation a pre-test and post-test factorial design was employed. In order to analyze the data, a 2x3 analysis of variance was used for the two independent variables viz. instructional treatment and self-efficacy. Levels.The main dependent variable was performance gain which was calculated as the difference in post-test and pre-test scores for the subject.

Kannan, A.* Dr.Periasamy,R.

Abstract This paper deals with the current ICT infrastructure obtainable in five college libraries at Vellore districts and examined the status of ICT facilities accessible in college libraries of Vellore and toorecommended the finest performances for increasing the ICT application in college libraries. The study also reveals the lack of sufficient fund for libraries which affects the development of ICT infrastructure in college libraries. Lack of sufficient library staff and ICT skilled staff are another valid reasons for poor ICT infrastructure. Information is a rapidly increasing entity, and Library is an increasing organization as well. Itoffers its customers with different ICT based services. Library and data centres are always seen to welcome the latest techniques in order to meet the data requirements of the readers. Therefore, that library & data centres are adapting to latest developments. This article is a research in some of Vellore District chosen Colleges. It is an effort to study these college current situations.

Alpana Kumari 1 and Jitendra Kumar 2

Abstract Decentralized planning is carried out from the bottom in which village panchayat is asked to prepare a plan for the economic development of the village. The planning strategy will be made on the basis of the problems the area   is suffering from and the available local resources. The present work attempts to create a GIS database for Hawalbagh Development Block of the districts of Almora in Uttarakhand. It is extends between 290 32’ 30”N to 290 44’ 23”N latitude and 790 31’11”E to 790 43’ 50” E longitudes   and cover an   area of 267.89 sq.km. Located in the lesser Himalayan terrain. Hawalbagh Blocks enjoys cool temperature climatic conditions. According to2001 census, the block has a population of 59,227 persons in which male population 48.61% and female has a population of 51.39%.The present study is based on various data sets i.e. toposheet (1966), Landsat data (1990 & 1999) and IRS LISS III data (2004) obtained from Centre of Excellence For NRDMS in Uttarakhand Kumaun University SSJ Campus Almora. The entire digital database of the Hawalbagh development block was prepared with the help of ARC GIS Software which is user friendly and famous software developed by Environmental system research in corporate Redland California. Image classification through ERDAS (earth Resource data Analysis) software developed by Leica Geosystems geospatial Imaging, LLC 5051 Peachtree corners suite 100, Norcross, GA, 30092, U.S.A.In the year 2004 forest cover of total area was 45.47 percent, barren land 39.72 per cent, agriculture land 12.32 per cent and urban area 2.49 per cent. The Hawalbagh development block is divisible in four absolute relief zones varying between 1000-2200m, and in four categories of relief i.e., Low, Medium, High and Very high. Table 2 contains the distribution of area under different relief zones. Maximum area lies in the medium relief zone which includes 44.51 per cent of the total study area.  

Kunuma Das

Abstract Bamboo, recognized as a green gold, finds its uses from poor man?s timber to rich men?s luxury. It is a fast growing, wide spread, renewable, versatile, low cost natural resource in the earth. Bamboo with its multiple utility has immense potential in the sustainable development of any country with raising the level of employment and income opportunities of that place. Around 1500 species of bamboo are found in the world, China with 500 species enjoys the highest advantage whereby 138 species belonging to 24 genera are reportedly found In India. Northeastern states cover around 81 species of bamboo and among all; Assam is bestowed with 45 species. Assam with 8,955 sq. km of bamboo bearing area carries huge potential in the economic upliftment and sustainable development of the natives through the cultivation, processing and marketing of bamboo. Bamboo is a raw material of great versatility and forms an integral part of the lifestyle and economy of Assam. It is mainly used in handicrafts, building and constructions, food items, furniture, pulp and paper in Assam. Besides having great potential still the region lags in tapping the benefits out of it. Lack of knowledge, Financial and technological constraint, poor management, unfavourable forest policies etc. put significant barriers to the development of bamboo as a precursor to the economic and livelihood security of the people in Assam. This paper mainly tries to explore the various business possibilities of Bamboo in Assam along with the challenges and initiatives taken to revive it.

Mr.Gama Mohanto

Abstract Perception of environmental resources is one of the key factors in development of material culture of the people. The natural environment has opened up a number of elements and possibilities to convert them as resources. Sometimes a single object may have multiple resource possibilities and their utilization as resource depends upon the applied knowledge and experience of the people. The physical environment of the study area of the state of Orissa has created immense scope of marine resource development. Fishing is one of the most important resource processes in the state. Here three different types of fishing namely, marine fishing, brackish fishing and inland fishing have developed. Both inland fishing and brackish fishing have been developed by the Oriya people of the state whereas marine fishing in the state has been developed by the migrant people of Telugu community. Herein the role of perception is the key factor in the growth of resource processing. In the present paper, the role of perception in evolution of marine fishing in the study area is studied with the background of physical resource potentialities, difficulties and prospects of other resource processes. The degree and magnitude of influence of perception on the material culture of fishermen of Orissa has also been taken into consideration in this paper.

Mr.Tapas Pyne

Abstract Dispossession and forced separation of a section of people from the means of production are inextricably associated with state-led economic development. In an inherited post-colonial development paradigm, a ‘top down’ approach followed in India excluded the people living at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder as equal partners who with respect to rising ‘mainstream’ material expectations experience ‘dispossession’ by displacement. Radicalism based on this ground reality, a consequence of uneven development across social and economic categories and across regions, becomes a corollary that concerns both the state and the civil society. Rather than withdrawing from the system that evolved and got fractured over time, the paper opines, the state has to play a key role in development the beginning and base of which has to be to take into confidence the marginalized sections of the society like the tribal people, the downtrodden, and the poor as dignified and equal partners.

Mr. Sankar Biswas

Abstract Urbanization means the growth of the number and size of the towns and the spreading of quality of life in towns. Naturally the growth and development is different in several parts of the world. On the other hand the urbanization is not only effect to towns. It has also an effect on rural region. Several attendant phenomenons belong to the urbanization (economic development, rural development, infrastructural development etc.). Primary target is to demonstrate the connection between urbanization and rural development. Urbanization is closely connected to regional development. There is no only one viable (universal) regional development trend. Sustainable development is one of the most important types of them. Lots of sign shows that certain parts of urbanization process could not be part of sustainable development. Success of sustainable development in urbanization process depends on the relationship between towns and their rural territory.

Ms.Rama Biswas

Abstract In brief it is mainly a discussion on the tribal and non-tribal structure of society of the state of Sambalpur. Within this social hierarchy, the Chauhans stood first, followed by various tribal groups like the Binjhals, Kondh, and Sahara etc. The Chauhans maintained a balance of relationship within their tribal population. They created all possible conveniences to attract people of the higher social groups from outside to settle in their kingdom. To arrive at a definite historical conclusion as to how the social structure was designed by the Chauhans of Sambalpur, the author of the article consulted the only contemporary as well as authentic Sanskrit courtly chronicle of sixteenth century, ‘Kosalananda Kavyam’, the eighteenth century authentic Lariya courtly chronicle ‘Jaya Chandrika’and other vernacular sources of seventeenth century such as ‘Sasisena Kavya’, ‘Sambala Mansa’. Nineteenth century British accounts are used adequately as well. This paper is an attempt at providing certain observations on the social structure of western Orissa under the Chauhans of Sambalpur during sixteenth to eighteenth century.

V.M. Ravi Kumar

Abstract Environmental history offers systematic documentation of human environmental relationship in the past. Fascinating literature on environmental history has been produced in the last three decades in India. This articles attempts to propose a historiographical review of this new frontier of historical inquiry. Three of the following aspects are highlighted: core areas covered under environmental history: broad trends that are used in structuring environmental history and further prospects to explore ecological dimension of India history.

Mr.Tapas Pyne

Abstract Dispossession and forced separation of a section of people from the means of production are inextricably associated with state-led economic development. In an inherited post-colonial development paradigm, a ‘top down’ approach followed in India excluded the people living at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder as equal partners who with respect to rising ‘mainstream’ material expectations experience ‘dispossession’ by displacement. Radicalism based on this ground reality, a consequence of uneven development across social and economic categories and across regions, becomes a corollary that concerns both the state and the civil society. Rather than withdrawing from the system that evolved and got fractured over time, the paper opines, the state has to play a key role in development the beginning and base of which has to be to take into confidence the marginalized sections of the society like the tribal people, the downtrodden, and the poor as dignified and equal partners.

Mr.Dipayan Das

Abstract Most likely the fist coin of India was minted just before 5th century BCE in northern and central India. The earliest coins of India are commonly known as Punch-marked coins. As the name suggests, these coins bear the symbol of various types, punched on metal pieces of specific size and weight. Issued initially by merchant Guilds and later by States, the coins represented a trade currency belonging to a period of intensive trade activity and urban development. They are broadly classified into two periods: the first period (attributed to the Janapadas or small local states) and the second period (attributed to the Imperial Mauryan period). The motifs found on these coins were mostly drawn from nature like the sun, various animal motifs, trees, hills etc. and some were geometrical symbols. In this write up we shall discuss the origin, growth and development of Punch marked coins in Indian Subcontinent in ancient times.

Ms.Rama Biswas

Abstract In brief it is mainly a discussion on the tribal and non-tribal structure of society of the state of Sambalpur. Within this social hierarchy, the Chauhans stood first, followed by various tribal groups like the Binjhals, Kondh, and Sahara etc. The Chauhans maintained a balance of relationship within their tribal population. They created all possible conveniences to attract people of the higher social groups from outside to settle in their kingdom. To arrive at a definite historical conclusion as to how the social structure was designed by the Chauhans of Sambalpur, the author of the article consulted the only contemporary as well as authentic Sanskrit courtly chronicle of sixteenth century, ‘Kosalananda Kavyam’, the eighteenth century authentic Lariya courtly chronicle ‘Jaya Chandrika’and other vernacular sources of seventeenth century such as ‘Sasisena Kavya’, ‘Sambala Mansa’. Nineteenth century British accounts are used adequately as well. This paper is an attempt at providing certain observations on the social structure of western Orissa under the Chauhans of Sambalpur during sixteenth to eighteenth century.

V.M. Ravi Kumar

Abstract Environmental history offers systematic documentation of human environmental relationship in the past. Fascinating literature on environmental history has been produced in the last three decades in India. This articles attempts to propose a historiographical review of this new frontier of historical inquiry. Three of the following aspects are highlighted: core areas covered under environmental history: broad trends that are used in structuring environmental history and further prospects to explore ecological dimension of India history.

Subhash Deshkukh

Abstract In preponderance of the cases the ongoing development model propelled by the market forces often goes against the interest of the very section of people that sacrifice their hearth and home for economic development of the nation. In order to throw light on the inadequacy of the state’s resettlement and rehabilitation policy measures for the people affected by the modern development projects and their social and ecological consequences on the livelihood of the ecosystem people, the paper attempts to make a critical analysis of the present state of living of the families displaced during 1950s and 1960s by three public sector steel plants in India. The findings are based on primary data collected by the author through fieldwork in the three steel cities and their peripheries during 2007-08.

Mr.Dipayan Das

Abstract Most likely the fist coin of India was minted just before 5th century BCE in northern and central India. The earliest coins of India are commonly known as Punch-marked coins. As the name suggests, these coins bear the symbol of various types, punched on metal pieces of specific size and weight. Issued initially by merchant Guilds and later by States, the coins represented a trade currency belonging to a period of intensive trade activity and urban development. They are broadly classified into two periods: the first period (attributed to the Janapadas or small local states) and the second period (attributed to the Imperial Mauryan period). The motifs found on these coins were mostly drawn from nature like the sun, various animal motifs, trees, hills etc. and some were geometrical symbols. In this write up we shall discuss the origin, growth and development of Punch marked coins in Indian Subcontinent in ancient times.

Mr.Anirudha Hazra

Abstract World is striving to advance technologically and in an eco friendly way. These changes are now being witnessed in first, second and in third world countries also. But there are some people who also live in these worlds without caring for this progress. They live in the world of their own. They are misfit to these ever changing worlds. They are ‘nomads’, the bohemians cling to their own lifestyle not at all caring for future. Today is only important to them but tomorrow. Tomorrow is left for tomorrow.In the long past they had ancestral homes, good arable lands, but in course of time they were stripped of their hearth and home, forced to move to unfriendly infertile land by superior race. As such they found it difficult to continue living there and left it to eke out living elsewhere and become ‘nomads’ Nomads are found in many countries of the world. They are also found in many states of India viz. Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal etc. in West Bengal nomads of different origin are also found. These people never stay permanently anywhere. They live in open air or somehow made ‘Jhopries’, by the side of railway tracts, dilapidated buildings, outside of villages etc I.e. far from the madding crowd. They eke out living of anything I.e. sometime as agricultural laborers, performing black art, i.e. magic, tight rope walking, and circus tricks, as snake charmer etc.

Subhash Deshkukh

Abstract In preponderance of the cases the ongoing development model propelled by the market forces often goes against the interest of the very section of people that sacrifice their hearth and home for economic development of the nation. In order to throw light on the inadequacy of the state’s resettlement and rehabilitation policy measures for the people affected by the modern development projects and their social and ecological consequences on the livelihood of the ecosystem people, the paper attempts to make a critical analysis of the present state of living of the families displaced during 1950s and 1960s by three public sector steel plants in India. The findings are based on primary data collected by the author through fieldwork in the three steel cities and their peripheries during 2007-08.

Mr.Anirudha Hazra

Abstract World is striving to advance technologically and in an eco friendly way. These changes are now being witnessed in first, second and in third world countries also. But there are some people who also live in these worlds without caring for this progress. They live in the world of their own. They are misfit to these ever changing worlds. They are ‘nomads’, the bohemians cling to their own lifestyle not at all caring for future. Today is only important to them but tomorrow. Tomorrow is left for tomorrow.In the long past they had ancestral homes, good arable lands, but in course of time they were stripped of their hearth and home, forced to move to unfriendly infertile land by superior race. As such they found it difficult to continue living there and left it to eke out living elsewhere and become ‘nomads’ Nomads are found in many countries of the world. They are also found in many states of India viz. Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal etc. in West Bengal nomads of different origin are also found. These people never stay permanently anywhere. They live in open air or somehow made ‘Jhopries’, by the side of railway tracts, dilapidated buildings, outside of villages etc I.e. far from the madding crowd. They eke out living of anything I.e. sometime as agricultural laborers, performing black art, i.e. magic, tight rope walking, and circus tricks, as snake charmer etc.

Goutam Kundu

Abstract Successful agriculture operation in West Bengal however, is still being dependent on the single most dominant climatic parameters i.e. rainfall. But even that rainfall though copious, is characterized by seasonal concentration, uncertainty and variability. The ground water resource of any territory is significant from two considerations. One of them is utilization in irrigating crops and another is for drinking water. In our analysis the focus of attention is on the compares the irrigation condition and growth within one decade in jalpaiguri district.

1 Reena Gabriel, 2 Dr. G. Bhuvaneswari

Abstract The dimension of brand name equity has posed a big difficulty to the firms in the Indian fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector. This paper investigates the influence of brand equity on the operational efficiency of companies in the Indian FMCG sector. The research study takes on detailed and exploratory techniques. The outcomes suggest that there is a connection between brand name equity and the functional efficiency of the organization. The useful implications of the findings are that brand name equity has to be efficiently taken care of for enhanced operational efficiency of service. Online solution brand names introducing an extension service (e.g., e-commerce platform) need to identify whether their customer-brand connections and brand equity will certainly generate existing clients to have a favorable perspective towards the extension solution as well as a strong purpose to accept that solution. we recommend a research study design to check out the impact of consumer-brand partnerships (brand add-on and also brand name dedication) on brand name equity, mindset towards the brand name expansion, as well as intention to accept the brand name extension (approval intention). We additionally locate that viewed fit has a positive effect on attitude toward the brand name extension, and brand accessory has a favorable impact on the approval objective. We discuss the implications for a concept as well as technique and also supply recommendations for future study.

Dr.Narasingha Narayan

UnderT    Indian Constitution, ‘social security and social insurance’ falls under the Concurrent List (List III, item 23). Article 41 of the Constitution (Directive Principles of State Policy) lays down that ‘The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want’. Article 42 provides for securing ‘just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief’, and Article 43 enjoins upon the State to secure ‘to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work, ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities’. In this paper we evaluate the welfare scheme of government as well as development.

1 Shaibu M. T., 2 Anum Victoria & 3 Patrick Ukwumonu Okeme

Abstract Human security is essential to any governance and it is not expected that democratic governance will fail in its responsibility to impact significantly on human security by tackling threats. On the contrary, in Nigeria the significant impact of democratic governance on human security in the fourth republic is perceived to be under threat. Besides, despite solutions proffered by extant related researches, the phenomenon has remain unresolved with its implications. This study investigates whether democratic governance has impacted significantly on human security, as well as examines the implications for nation-building and international image of Nigeria. The social contract theoretical propositions underpins this study. The study depends largely on quantitative research technique (QRT). The purposive sampling technique (PST) was employed to select a sample size of 200 comprising male and female Nigerians, and a self-designed Likert style rating scale measuring instrument was administered to elicit responses. This study findings revealed that human security threats are linked to the failure of democratic governance; it equally, shows that the impact of democratic governance on human security in Nigeria's fourth republic is low; and by implications, would continue to stimulate citizens distrust, disloyalty and separatists agitation for ethno-centric governance in Nigerian state. It recommends that except the Nigerian state embrace the principles of good governance while systemically building: trust, capacities, tracking crimes to transform conflict-habituated communities, human security threats will continue to thrive, nation-building will remain problematic and international image of Nigeria state will ebb.

Devi Shri G.S1, Akila.V1

Abstract: When the thin wall of nasal septum between the nasal passages is displaced to one side, then it is said to be a deviated septum. In the case study, we discussed about a 31-year-old male patient who had symptoms of nasal obstruction and dyspnea for 20 days. A CT scan showed deviated nasal septum and had undergone septoplasty surgery.

Mr. Sandipan Pan

Abstract Urbanization means the growth of the number and size of the towns and the spreading of quality of life in towns. Naturally the growth and development is infrastructural development etc.). Primary target is to demonstrate the connection between urbanization and rural development. Urbanization is closely connected to regional development. There is no only one viable (universal) regional development trend. Sustainable development is one of the most important types of them. Lots of sign shows that certain parts of urbanization process could not be part of sustainable Development. Success of sustainable development in urbanization process depends on the relationship between towns and their rural territory different in several parts of the world. on the other hand the urbanization is not only effect to towns. It has also an effect on rural region. Several attendant Phenomenon belong to the urbanization (economic development, rural development.

Dr.Pallavi (Joshi) Kapooria

Abstract  : Societal marketing has become one of the major differentiators in the success of any organisation. It’s not only about being responsible to the needs of the consumers but also of all the stakeholders including the producers. In rural context, the concept of societal marketing plays a significant role as the producers are the local residents. Identifying the untapped potential in the rural areas in terms of supply end, the marketers can penetrate into the rural markets and explore the avenues to connect the local population to commercial platforms. Strategising an appropriate marketing mix for these products will leverage a win-win situation for all. The present case intends to highlight how public-private collaboration can open up avenues for unleashing the rural economies and may have an enormous impact on the economic and social life of the communities concerned. The case strongly recommends the role of a catalyst, who may initiate or contribute such a movement which spurs into regional development. An apt catalyst may be the natives of such rural areas who are now residing in urban set ups and wish to payback to their ancestral places.It highlights the commendable initiative by IIM Indore to invigorate the rural population and to enable the local people to be proud of their localities. It talks about how the current Director of IIM Indore, who is a native of a small village of the state of Uttar Pradesh, has been a true catalyst for the upliftment of his village and has partnered with the State government of Uttar Pradesh to boost the ODOP scheme and induce a movement for exploring and developing products which can be a symbol of locality, of which residents can be proud, and which can be competitive on the national and global levels. IIM Indore has also initiated avenues for online marketing and state-wide exhibition platforms for these products to maximise growth and profit. Local rural residents will surely be stimulated by a clear, feasible goal and driven by a vision of a bright future which lies ahead. The case concludes with proposing an innovative 5P Framework Model of Societal Marketing to approach towards inclusive business through such initiatives in an effective way.

Vishnu Rankawat

Abstract CPEC is a huge economic investment made by China. Its main objective is the economic development of Pakistan, which includes strengthening its road, rail, and air transport system. Apart from this, the ports of Pakistan and China also have to be connected. If this project is completed with its definite plan then it will be a huge victory for China. But along with the economic prosperity of China and Pakistan, it is also a security issue that can affect the security system of the whole world. In this article, the future security challenges to India due to CPEC have been studied. Therefore, the paper attempts to answer the following questions: What is India’s security related challenges regarding CPEC?  What is India's strategy to counter these challenges?

Mr.Sutapa Dutta

Abstract Dhaniakhali block, with its non-municipal headquarter at Dhaniakhali, is one of the eighteen blocks of Hooghly district of West Bengal. It is highly famous for its cotton handloom products. It is very difficult to find out the exact time span of origin of the industry in this block, but it is clear that it has very old and strong culture heritage. A large number of people belonging to specific weaver caste known as ‘Tantubay’ in Bengal, live in Dhaniakhali and its surrounding villages. They are efficiently conducting the mechanism of this heritage craft. The weavers are presently engaged under different co-operative societies from where they collect raw materials for weaving and deposit the finished products to the co-operative societies in exchange of wages. These handloom products are distributed in local markets, all over India and abroad. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to bring in light several aspects related with the growth of the industry. At the same time this paper tries to highlight the problems and related with the industry.

Goutam Kundu

Abstract Successful agriculture operation in West Bengal however, is still being dependent on the single most dominant climatic parameters i.e. rainfall. But even that rainfall though copious, is characterized by seasonal concentration, uncertainty and variability. The ground water resource of any territory is significant from two considerations. One of them is utilization in irrigating crops and another is for drinking water. In our analysis the focus of attention is on the compares the irrigation condition and growth within one decade in jalpaiguri district.

Dr.Narasingha Narayan

Abstract Under IIndian Constitution, ‘social security and social insurance’ falls under the Concurrent List (List III, item 23). Article 41 of the Constitution (Directive Principles of State Policy) lays down that ‘The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want’. Article 42 provides for securing ‘just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief’, and Article 43 enjoins upon the State to secure ‘to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work, ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities’. In this paper we evaluate the welfare scheme of government as well as development.

Olanipekun, Lateef Okikiola, Akinlabi, Naimat Adetoun

Abstract Employee performance is pivotal to all business enterprises in both developed and developing economies. In the development of human resources, the performance of an employee is needed to achieve employee performance itself and also for the success of the organization, therefore, improving the performance of these employees is not only of benefits to the organization but also for the employees themselves because with good performance, organizations can achieve better level of employee career development. Hence, this study examined job analysis and employees performance in Julius Berger Nigeria plc as a construction firm in Nigeria. This study was anchored on the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model (JCM). The population of the study consist of 675 employees of Julius Berger Nigeria plc, Ijora, Lagos State. Sample size of 217 employees were used which involved 147 junior level staff, 83 middle level staff, 40 senior level staff and 25 management level staff. Stratified sampling technique and simple random techniques were used in the study. Findings revealed that job analysis was positively significant with employee performance and as a result there was a positive significant effect of job analysis, job description and job specification on employee performance in Julius Berger Nigeria Plc. Lagos State; also, there exist a direct relationship between job analysis, job description, job specification and employees performance. The study concluded that job analysis is the hub and the building blocks for the effective and efficient achievement of organization’s corporate goals. It was therefore recommended that strict adherence to strategic job analysis should be put as a hub into human resource planning policies and practices for the right persons with the right competencies, skills and abilities to be recruited and trained to ensure optimal performance and high level of productivity.

Mr.Sutapa Dutta

Abstract Dhaniakhali block, with its non-municipal headquarter at Dhaniakhali, is one of the eighteen blocks of Hooghly district of West Bengal. It is highly famous for its cotton handloom products. It is very difficult to find out the exact time span of origin of the industry in this block, but it is clear that it has very old and strong culture heritage. A large number of people belonging to specific weaver caste known as ‘Tantubay’ in Bengal, live in Dhaniakhali and its surrounding villages. They are efficiently conducting the mechanism of this heritage craft. The weavers are presently engaged under different co-operative societies from where they collect raw materials for weaving and deposit the finished products to the co-operative societies in exchange of wages. These handloom products are distributed in local markets, all over India and abroad. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to bring in light several aspects related with the growth of the industry. At the same time this paper tries to highlight the problems and related with the industry.

Dr. C. Jeeva

Abstract In our country's domestic economy, agriculture plays an important role. It's our economy's blood of survival. India is a wide nation with significant agricultural diversity (Kumar S.Siva, 2013)[1]. The nature of the soil, the magnitude of rainfall, availability of water, etc. Differ considerably between different regions. Considerable areas face drought conditions in a particular year, some areas encounter the fury of floods, and some areas face the problem of waterlogging and salinity. Practically the entire cultivated area of the country suffers from the deficiency of nitrogen. There are substantial regional inequalities, and the presence of large diversities in the agricultural sector makes it is necessary to devise separate agricultural policies for different regions. It is not possible to generalise and formulate a single agricultural policy for the entire nation as a whole as such generalisation is bound to gloss over inter-regional differences and fail to deliver the goods.The nature of Indian agriculture reveals that Indian agriculture was backward and qualitatively traditional on the eve of the First five-year plan.The agrarian sector's output in our economy was very significant at the time of independence. The importance of agriculture has been disvalued and at the same time, the cultivators are forced to sell their lands for some other activities. (Misra and Puri, 2011).[1]There has been vast change taking place in the agriculture sector since the 60s. The policy of the Government has brought many changes in the pattern of cultivation. The lands were once used traditional cultivating methods in various agriculture crops like food grains and other food- related crops are slowly losing their importance, and the same is used for the development of high yielding seeds and fertilizers in this sector.The lands used for the farming of food grains have now been cultivated in the agriculture field itself, such as tea, coffee, and other cash crops in Nilgiris.The researcher has highlighted the problem relating to the cultivation of vegetables, climatic challenges, on non-availability transportation of agriculture commodities particularly the tomatoes, carrots, mushroom, cabbages, and potatoes of lands once used for cultivating vegetables are slowly reduced due to insufficiency of irrigation facility, awareness towards usage of modern farming methods, agricultural techniques, and widespread indebtedness.The researcher has taken up the issue to find out the reasons for the shift in methods of cultivation of Horticulture crop. She has taken up the Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu as her study area. Tamil Nadu district of Nilgiris was once designated as a vegetable cultivator. The cultivators have shifted the cultivation methods more towards organic in the place of chemicals. The field used for vegetable growing has declined and the area used for tea farming has increased. The research has used both primary and secondary data for her study.

Ms.Biddut Barman

Abstract Every country possesses natural and human resources in varying proportions. Economic development refers to process of utilizing these resources for achieving higher standards of living for the people of the country. It is natural for each generation of people to aspite for a higher standard of living than what their parents were capable of, and to hope for even better standards for their children. Economists have been studying the changes in human nature that facilitate the momentum for economic growth and development.Although the terms are used interchangeably, a distinction is often made between economic growth and economic development. Economic growth refers to increase in output, while economic  development also suggests improvements in the quality of goods produced, the way production is organized and ultimately in improvements in the quality of life. All these factors together are known as structural changes. Thus, growth is a quantitative concept which can be measured; development is qualitative in nature and cannot be easily measured.Economic growth of a country is conventionally measured as percentage increase in gross domestic product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP) during one year. Economic growth can be either extensive or intensive. In the former, the economy uses more of its natural and human resources and grows, while in intensive growth, the economy uses its existing resources more efficiently.

Dr.Rafakul Noor

Abstract The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. Within the framework of a democratic polity, our laws, development policies, Plans and programmes have aimed at women’s advancement in different spheres. From the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards has been a marked shift in the approach to women’s issues from welfare to development. In recent years, the empowerment of women has been recognized as the central issue in determining the status of women. The National Commission for Women was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to safeguard the rights and legal entitlements of women. The 73rd and 74th Amendments (1993) to the Constitution of India have provided for reservation of seats in the local bodies of Panchayats and Municipalities for women, laying a strong foundation for their participation in decision making at the local levels.

Dr. Rahul Sarania

Abstract Women’s economic empowerment is viewed as a precondition for sustainable development, pro-poor growth and the achievement of all the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Therefore, ‘economic empowerment’ is an essential objective to improve the well-being and development of the poor, particularly women belonging to the marginalized segment in almost all developing countries, including India. Self-help group (SHG) programmes have emerged as an effective mechanism of economic empowerment and development of women as well as a platform for service delivery through collective action in India. The provision of pooled savings with SHGs and collateral free loans create viable and sustainable self-employment and income generating opportunities to group member, which improve the quality of status of women as members, decision-makers and beneficiaries in all social, political and economic spheres of life and become agents of change. The present paper examines the economic empowerment of the SHG members through the SHGs located in two poor districts of Assam, India. For the purpose, a field survey was conducted in Baksa and Udalguri districts of Assam in North-east India to collect primary data from 240 women members belong to 60 SHGs spread over 39 villages in that area. Visiting door to door, four members from each of the SHGs were interviewed to gather information regarding group related issues and empowerment contexts as well as personal profile using structured interview schedule. The paired t-test was applied to examine the effectiveness on women in respect of economic empowerment after becoming member of SHG. The results revealed that empowerment indicators- monthly income, monthly savings and economic assets of women household had increased significantly after becoming members of SHGs. The study provides the evidence that the SHGs enabled the women to have a substantial improvement in the economic empowerment in the study area. Finally, the problems faced by the SHGs in the functioning were discussed and provided some policy prescriptions for further improvement and sustainability.

Mr.Mohan Sharma

Abstract Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other three major coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.

Abraham Ebabu

Abstract The purpose of this study was examining the effect of external factors on industry performance: in case of Lalibela town micro and small scale enterprises. To achieve its objectives, the study employed a descriptive and explanatory research design and used quantitative research approach. The target population of the study was 395MSEs owners working in manufacturing,trade and service sectors. It used stratified and simple random sampling techniques and the required data have been collected from a sample size of 199 MSEs through standardized five point Likert-scale questionnaire. The study used both primary and secondary sources of data. For data analysis purposeit employed descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis methods like correlation and multiple linear regression analysis.  The finding of the study discovered the agreement of respondents to positive significant relationship between external factors and industry performance in Lalibela town MSEs. Specifically, marketing factors, financial factors, infrastructure, work premises factors, trade fair factors and political legal factors all have a positive effect on enterprises performance in the stud area. In addition, the study result shows that financial factors, marketing factors, infrastructure, work premises factors, and trade fair factors have a positive significant effect on industry performance but political legal factors are not significantly affect the dependent variable industry performance. From the predicting variables infrastructure has more effect on industry performance than the rest variables in the study area.The study recommend that the government/micro and small enterprises development officesshould maintain different supportive trainings, decrease infrastructural problems, facilitate credit services and create attractive environment to entice or createproductive MSEs . In additionthe MSEsowners should design adoptive plans and programs with the external as well as internal environment to increase their performance. 

Mr.Biswajit Debnath

Abstract : Jalpaiguri is one of the most backward districts of west Bengal where poverty is a barrier to development. Generally poverty is measured by Below Poverty Line (BPL) indices in rural areas. Below poverty line is an economic bench mark and poverty threshold used by the government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. Poverty refers to the condition of not having the means to afford basic human need such as clean water, nutrition care, clothing and shelter. This paper is attempted to study the poverty status with some remedial measures.

Muhammad Afzal Nazim, Bakhtawar Sarfraz

Abstract In the years before 2010, researchers used the local picture features that they had discovered with hybrid machine learning techniques to solve issues with image identification. Some deep learning methods for picture identification have, however, been created and tested since the year 2010. The methods that utilize deep learning to identify pictures outperform strategies that were used before deep learning was introduced in generic object recognition competitions by a considerable margin. Because of these developments, this article describes how deep learning is being used in the field of picture recognition, in addition to the most current achievements in autonomous deep learning driving.

Chinedu Ayogu, Ogunmodede Suraju Aderemi

Abstract Deprivation evidenced in the spate of environmental degradation, lack of social amenitiesand the quest for resource control wasthe basis upon which militia groups were formed in the Niger Delta region.The attendant ramifications were evident in heightened insecurity, such as, thekidnap of expatriate oil workers,vandalization of oil pipe lines, among others. Following the adoption of the amnesty programme bylate President Musa Yar’Adua in 2009, which sought to bring an end to the continued agitations in the region, by empoweringrepentant militants, the region has arguably enjoyed relative peace.The study interrogated the amnesty programme with the objective of ascertaining the extent to which the policy has addressedthe challenge of militancy among other challenges in the region.A total of 15 purposively selected respondents which comprised indigenes and relatives of ex-militants from the Niger Delta region, personnel of oil corporation, military personnel, government officials, journalists and academics were interviewed. The study concluded that rather thanaddress the spate of militancy and its attendant ramifications, the amnesty programme has arguably birthed new militia groups in the region while the challenges in the region remains unabated.The study recommended that the provisions of the 2014 National Conference and the All Progressive Congress (APC) Committee on political restructuring which allows the States’ control their resources be adopted. Also,leaders and government representatives in theNiger Delta regionshould be held accountable for the utilization of the resources in the region.

Ms.Biddut Barman

Abstract Every country possesses natural and human resources in varying proportions. Economic development refers to process of utilizing these resources for achieving higher standards of living for the people of the country. It is natural for each generation of people to aspite for a higher standard of living than what their parents were capable of, and to hope for even better standards for their children. Economists have been studying the changes in human nature that facilitate the momentum for economic growth and development.Although the terms are used inter changeably, a distinction is often made between economic growth and economic development. Economic growth refers to increase in output, while economic  development also suggests improvements in the quality of goods produced, the way production is organized and ultimately in improvements in the quality of life. All these factors together are known as structural changes. Thus, growth is a quantitative concept which can be measured; development is qualitative in nature and cannot be easily measured.Economic growth of a country is conventionally measured as percentage increase in gross domestic product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP) during one year. Economic growth can be either extensive or intensive. In the former, the economy uses more of its natural and human resources and grows, while in intensive growth, the economy uses its existing resources more efficiently.

Mr.Kathari Santosh1, Dr.T.Narayana Reddy2, Dr.S.E.V.Subrahmanyam3

Abstract Moving on from traditional banking to digital banking, it is now creating a space for phygital banking. The Indian banking system has certainly emerged with great emergence. With the goal of making the customer a king and banking the effort without the hassle, India sees the dawn of the day. To understand ground reality and empathizing the fundamental challenges of customers in the use of technology in the short term, in urban and rural India, banks rely on 'Phygital Banking', a combination of physical and digital banking. So the present study depends on the secondary data. This study gives a clear picture of the importance of the phygital bank and how it facilitates financial inclusion at the bottom of the pyramid. It found that digital was not widely accepted in rural areas due to lack of information and confidence. Phygital on the bench is probably the best way to emphasize confidence. Phygital banking can serve as a true facilitator. Phygital banks are building a connected ecosystem where they can reach potential customers among the 1.7 billion adults, who do not yet have a bank account. Banks can therefore provide these phygital services to the lower sections of the community; this will lead to the improvement of financial inclusion in India.

Gemechu Bekana Fufa

Abstract Development-induced dislocation could be an opportunity or a challenge for the dislocated people as well as the host community. This study aims to assess the effects of dislocation on socioeconomic of rural community in terms of basic needs for human and education.  Random samples of 180 rural communities were selected using multistage random sampling from the study area.  Comparisons were made between dislocated and non-dislocated using the hypothesis testing. To assess the impact of dislocation on the educational status of the family, the ratio of children in schools to the total number of school aged children in the family, expressed as percentage.  The ability of the household to feed the family was also seen in terms of the frequency of feeding the children and the adult. It was found that non-dislocated community are better off than the dislocated in terms of sending children to school, housing conditions, health condition, probability of survival for future life and ability to finance. The mean difference of family members attending the school, in both non-dislocated and dislocated was not high, shows that the dislocated and non-dislocated were affected as opposed to the general opinion that the dislocated people were highly affected. After all analysis, it can be concluded that dislocation of rural community has high impacts on the socioeconomic status of the households.  The results also reveal that the dislocated rural communities were highly affected by communicable and non-communicable diseases.  Finally, the results were recommended as the government, heath institution and non-dislocated community should support the dislocated community as they will adapt to the new relocation site.

Bhagyalakhi Gogoi

Abstract In India the contribution of agriculture sector to GDP has been declined though about 49 percent of Indian workforces directly engage in this sector. The great challenges to Indian agriculture in the recent decades are both institutional and technological failure. Absence of timely creditdelivery mechanism, lack of infrastructure in agriculture, constant cropping pattern, limited value addition of agricultural commodities, lack of market integration etc., are the major causes of backwardness of Indian agriculture. In such circumstances the leading educational institutions are too responsible to correct the adverse situation of agriculture by developing some relevant models of agriculture development through research and development. The University of Burdwan has been commencing some applied strategies in the field of agriculture to provide some impulsion to this sector since 1965 by establishing Crop Research and Seed Multiplication Farm (CRSMF). By keeping in view the active participation of the university towards agricultural development this paper tries to examine two objectives. Firstly, to examine the extent of agricultural diversification. Secondly, to investigate the economics of Winter Paddy cultivation in the university. The major impression of this paper that The University of Burdwan has undertaken agricultural activities in a scientific way and generates huge amount of employment opportunities directly and most of the rural destinations are assumed to be highly benefitted by CRSMF by use of HYV seeds as well as by participating different training programmes. It also contributes huge amount of revenues to the university. However, it requires some modifications in the area of extension activities, organic farming, community participation etc.

Dr. Kishore Mukhopadhyay

Abastact   Introduction: Changes in echo cardio graphic standard measurements as a consequence of 8 weeks of conditioning 4 weeks of reconditioning and 6 weeks of reconditioning have not been comprehensively studied. Sample: Twenty four residential untrained male subjects (age between 22-24 years) were selected for the study. Methodology: Two-dimensional and  colour Doppler echocardiography studies were performed for measuring left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular end Diastolic volume (LVEDV), Ejection Fraction (EF), Fractional shortening (FS), Stroke volume (SV) and resting heart rates (RHR) of the subjects. Four times the data were collected from the subjects i.e. before conditioning protocol, at the end of  eight weeks conditioning programme, at the end of four weeks of deconditioning and at the end of six weeks of reconditioning. Analysis of data: Repeated measured design was applied for the study and ‘t’ tests were applied for statistical purpose. The statistical analysis was tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. Findings and conclusions : All the parameters except LVESV were significantly changed following conditioning  protocol , only SV, FS, RHR were significantly differ in case of reconditioning  protocol and RHR and HRsub were significantly changed after conditioning,  reconditioning and reconditioning.

1st Author Muhammad Afzal Nazim 2nd Author Bakhtawar Sarfraz

Abstract To minimize the effect on the network as much as possible, the nodes should coordinate their responses across a wide number of nodes based on incorrect indications of penetration. Most sophisticated assaults may take months to be developed and show no visible signs of development before being carried out. The sequential choice issue is difficult to solve due to the vast observation and action areas and the lengthy time horizon involved, as illustrated in Table 1. In this paper, we propose approaches for scaling deep reinforcement learning in order to address the challenge of orchestration of industrial control networks for cyber security. This neural architecture utilizes the principles of attention and size complexity and is only reliant on the size of the protected network. An early exploration training program is implemented to relieve the difficulties early exploration brings. The findings of the trials suggest that the suggested techniques have a better chance of converging on effective policies than baseline methods, as far as learning sample complexity and complexity of policies are concerned.

Bogale Aligaiz Agalu

Abstract Gambella regional state is located in the southwestern Ethiopia with diverse ethnic groups. From the ethnic groups, Anuak and Nuer are dominant in the region. Both interacted in marriage, support each other in the time of famine as well as war and followed traditionalreligion.Their interaction violated by conflicts in the second half 19th century. The conflict caused by the question of natural resources, Parliamentary seats andcurriculum and media of instruction in school.This fight caused the death of human beings and destruction of material properties on the both ethnic groups.Hostilities and conflicts between them had no earnedsolution due to outbreak of First World War.

Mr.Tapas Pyne

Abstract Dispossession and forced separation of a section of people from the means of production are inextricably associated with state-led economic development. In an inherited post-colonial development paradigm, a ‘top down’ approach followed in India excluded the people living at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder as equal partners who with respect to rising ‘mainstream’ material expectations experience ‘dispossession’ by displacement. Radicalism based on this ground reality, a consequence of uneven development across social and economic categories and across regions, becomes a corollary that concerns both the state and the civil society. Rather than withdrawing from the system that evolved and got fractured over time, the paper opines, the state has to play a key role in development the beginning and base of which has to be to take into confidence the marginalized sections of the society like the tribal people, the downtrodden, and the poor as dignified and equal partners.

Ms.Rama Biswas

Abstract In brief it is mainly a discussion on the tribal and non-tribal structure of society of the state of Sambalpur. Within this social hierarchy, the Chauhans stood first, followed by various tribal groups like the Binjhals, Kondh, and Sahara etc. The Chauhans maintained a balance of relationship within their tribal population. They created all possible conveniences to attract people of the higher social groups from outside to settle in their kingdom. To arrive at a definite historical conclusion as to how the social structure was designed by the Chauhans of Sambalpur, the author of the article consulted the only contemporary as well as authentic Sanskrit courtly chronicle of sixteenth century, ‘Kosalananda Kavyam’, the eighteenth century authentic Lariya courtly chronicle ‘Jaya Chandrika’and other vernacular sources of seventeenth century such as ‘Sasisena Kavya’, ‘Sambala Mansa’. Nineteenth century British accounts are used adequately as well. This paper is an attempt at providing certain observations on the social structure of western Orissa under the Chauhans of Sambalpur during sixteenth to eighteenth century.

Ezenekwe,E .1; Ekegbalu, E1.; Ezemba, A.S2;Osuala, O.J1; Ezemba, C.C1

Abstract : Thevinegar produced from locally grown pineapple and pawpaw (with and without their peels) were evaluated to determine their antimicrobial properties on some clinical isolates. Agar well diffusion method was used for this analysis. The zones of inhibitions were measured in millimeters.  The results of the antimicrobial analysis showed that the vinegar exhibit antimicrobial activities on the clinical isolates.On Escherichia colithere was  8 ± 1.5mm diameters for the aqueous extract of the pineapple juice vinegar and 11 ± 0.44mm for the methanol extract of the pineapple peel vinegar, 10 ±1.23mm and 12 ±0.19 for the aqueous and methanol extract of  pawpaw juice vinegar and 6 ±0.36mm and 7 ±0.77mm for the aqueous and methanol extract of  pawpaw peel vinegar respectively. On Staphylococcus aureus, there was 9 ± 0.50mm and 10 ±1.00mm for the aqueous and methanol extract of the pineapple juice vinegar respectively while the pineapple peel vinegar extract showed 10 ± 1.50mm and 7 ±0.50mm for the aqueous and methanol extract, 7 ±0.29mm and 8 ±0.77 for aqueous and the methanol extract of the pawpaw juice vinegar, 10±0.55mm and 7 ±0.86mm for aqueous and methanol extract of pawpaw peel vinegar. On Bacillus sp there was  9 ± 0.99mm diameter for the aqueous extract of the pineapple juice vinegar and 8 ±1.30mm for the methanol extract,  9 ±0.98mm  and 7 ± 0.99mm for the aqueous and  the methanol extract of the pineapple peel vinegar, 9 ±0.55mm aqueousextract of  pawpaw juice vinegar and 13±0.76mm for aqueous extract of pineapple peel vinegar. On Candida albicans there 8 ± 0.12mm diameter for the aqueous extract of the pineapple juice vinegar and 9 ± 0.99mm for the methanol extract10 ±1.00mm   and 7 ± 0.76mm for the aqueous and the methanol extract of the pineapple peel vinegar, 8 ±0.65mm and 7 ±0.9mm for aqueous and methanol extract of pawpaw juice vinegar and 9±1.22mm and 10 ±0.22mm for aqueous and methanol extract of pineapple peel vinegar. This shows that the produced vinegars exhibited antimicrobial characteristics and their use should be encouraged 

V.M. Ravi Kumar

Abstract Environmental history offers systematic documentation of human environmental relationship in the past. Fascinating literature on environmental history has been produced in the last three decades in India. This articles attempts to propose a historiographical review of this new frontier of historical inquiry. Three of the following aspects are highlighted: core areas covered under environmental history: broad trends that are used in structuring environmental history and further prospects to explore ecological dimension of India history.

Dr.Kasa Sudarsan, Dr. K.Sreenivasa Murthy

Abstract : At present the state is producing about 10 lakh cubic meters of black and colored granites. According to the Central Government, Chittoor and Prakasam Districts are Industrially Backward Districts in Andhra Pradesh. Granite industry plays a pivotal role in the economic development of these Districts. A sound capital structure leads to increase the value of the firm, proper utilization of available funds, minimization of cost of capital, maximization of returns, etc. Majority of granite enterprises are suffering with heavy losses as per my first hand observation in Chittoor and Prakasam Districts of Andhra Pradesh.  The enigma pertaining to the status is that whether the people are sufficiently strong enough invest required financial structure. So the present study is undertaken to know the source of finance and financial structure of micro, small and medium enterprises in granite industry in Chittoor and Prakasam Districts of Andhra Pradesh. The objectives of the present study are to know the ability of the granite entrepreneurs by attending campaign programmes to get financial assistance, to identify the purpose of loan taken, met financial requirement and subsidy availed by the granite entrepreneurs, and to study the financial structure of the granite enterprises and offer suggestions to maintain an optimal capital structure in Chittoor and Prakasam Districts of Andhra Pradesh during the study period. The granite enterprises were not maintaining an optimum capital structure and Small and medium enterprises did not maintain the standard debt-equity ratio (1 to 1.5) in the study area. It is suggested that small and medium enterprises should try to increase the debt to maintain the standard debt-equity ratio (1 to 1.5) and optimum capital structure, if there is a possibility to utilize this debt, and then they will get tax-benefit. Otherwise an additional debt will be cause for financial risk.

Dr. Smrutirekha Mohanty

Abstract  The rapid changes of Indian Economy had little impact on food security since independence. The wide spread famine, erratic monsoon and traditional farming pattern are unable to cope the growing demand for food. It is obvious that India's performance with respect to hunger is abysmally low not only in connection other  developing countries like China but even in corresponding to the rest of South Asia. This paper analyzes one possibly and key factor to address food security of India: accelerating the deployment and development of improved crop varieties through utilization of leading technologies in agriculture including, biotechnology, genetically modified crops  and plant tissue culture procedures. The vital question of agricultural biotechnology and its impact on food security is assessed carefully. This includes the interaction of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) laws, treaties, policies and the management in agricultural research and development both in public and private sector. The tests Chi Square test is applied to derive the conclusion. It has been concluded that India needs the genetically modified (GM) crops to meet the challenges food security with proper policies, programs and precautions.

Narayan Kafle

Abstract : Liquidity and profitability are two correlated aspects linked with working capital management of a business organisation. Most of the earlier studies conducted in this area revealed that there exists a negative correlation between liquidity and profitability. However, in India, companies were using Indian GAAP (IGAAP) in preparation and presentation of their financial statements till 2016-17. Since then, adoption of Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) has been made mandatory in a phased manner replacing the earlier IGAAP. The new accounting and disclosure norm is said to have a significant impact on the reported values of net profit and net worth. In this context, the present paper is an attempt to evaluate the relationship between liquidity and profitability before and after adoption of Ind AS. The study uses secondary data obtained from annual reports of fifteen selected companies and comes to a conclusion that the said relationship pattern is different during the two periods.

Dr. Parismita Chetia

Abstract  This study basically enquires about the workers organizational factors in context of Human relations approach. Here the investigator tries to find out how the workers of two organizations exploited in context of welfare facilities like housing, sanitation, salary, promotion, working hours, nature of work, interaction with seniors and juniors, Job-satisfaction etc, which immensely effect directly on workers mindset. It is also a matter of important concern that workers job- satisfactory related factors make happy and it may motivate them to perform their work effectively. It is due to the fact that highly satisfied employees motivated to their work and low level of job-satisfaction is likely to bring higher level of absenteeism. As productivity of organizations mainly depend on workers efficiency. Inthis research we have taken Assam Petro-Chemicals Limited and Namrup Thermal Power Station of Namrup , Dibrugarh district , Assam which is not free from the problem of Absenteeism. This study is an attempt to find out job-satisfaction factors mostly affects the workers absence behavior.